Food Allergies | Risks and Prevention

Food allergies affect a significant number of children in America, with estimates suggesting that up to 8% of children are affected, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). That means approximately one out of every 13 kids suffers from a food allergy. The prevalence of food allergies has been on the rise, with a 50% increase observed between 2017 and 2022. While scientists are still investigating the exact reasons behind this surge, several theories have emerged, including increased awareness among parents and doctors, reduced exposure to bacteria affecting immunity, and limited exposure to common allergens in early life.

Understanding Food Allergies and Their Causes

Food allergies occur when certain foods trigger an immune system overreaction, leading to a range of symptoms, from mild itching and eczema to severe breathing difficulties and life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Early markers of potential food allergies include eczema, with research indicating that up to 40% of babies with moderate to severe eczema also have food allergies. A family history of eczema, asthma, and allergies increases the risk of developing food allergies. These allergies are primarily determined by genetic factors rather than actions taken by parents during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Differentiating Food Allergies from Food Intolerances

It is important to distinguish between food allergies and food intolerances, as they have distinct characteristics. Food intolerances do not involve the immune system and are typically caused by an inability to digest specific foods due to the lack of specific enzymes. For example, lactose intolerance occurs when the body lacks the enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. While food intolerances can cause discomfort, they are not life-threatening like food allergies.

Common Food Allergens

In the United States, nine common foods are responsible for over 90% of food allergies. These allergens, which are subject to regulatory requirements from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), include cow's milk, eggs, fish, peanuts, sesame, crustacean shellfish, soy, tree nuts, and wheat. Food manufacturers must accurately label these allergens on products, and precautions must be taken to avoid cross-contamination in food facilities.

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) and Cross-Reactivity

Children may also experience oral allergy syndrome (OAS), where proteins found in certain pollens cross-react with proteins in specific foods. This cross-reactivity triggers allergy symptoms when exposed to those foods. For example, individuals allergic to ragweed may also react to bananas or melons due to the similar proteins present. Understanding cross-reactivity is crucial in managing food allergies effectively.

Signs and Symptoms of Food Allergies in Children

Symptoms of food allergies can manifest within seconds to a few hours after consuming, touching, or inhaling an allergenic food. These symptoms may include tingling in the mouth, swelling of the tongue, throat, lips, face, or other body parts, difficulty breathing, hives, red and itchy skin, congestion, wheezing, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dizziness, lightheadedness, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a potentially fatal allergic response that can lead to shock. Immediate medical attention is necessary if a child experiences symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Preventing and Managing Food Allergies

Preventing food allergies from developing in the first place is a topic of ongoing research. While not all cases can be prevented, early introduction of highly allergenic foods under the guidance of healthcare professionals has shown promise in reducing the risk of developing allergies. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends offering allergenic foods to babies starting at four to six months, gradually introducing them three to five days apart after tolerating less allergenic foods. It is crucial to monitor for any signs of allergic reactions during this process.

Diagnosing Food Allergies

Accurate diagnosis is essential before making any dietary conclusions or restrictions. Parents should consult their pediatrician and consider visiting an allergist if their child experiences stomach problems or fussiness after meals. Diagnostic methods may include eliminating specific foods from the child's or breastfeeding parent's diet and observing changes in symptoms, skin prick tests, or blood tests. However, skin testing is generally not conducted on infants younger than six months.

Managing Food Allergies in Daily Life

If a child is diagnosed with a food allergy, it is crucial to avoid trigger foods. For milk-related allergies, hypoallergenic formulas are often recommended for formula-fed infants. It's important to remember that food allergies may not last forever, with a significant percentage resolving by the age of five. Following the instructions of healthcare professionals and closely monitoring a child's diet and reactions are key to managing food allergies effectively.

Food allergies pose a significant challenge for children, impacting their daily lives and potentially leading to severe health complications. Understanding the signs and symptoms, risk factors, and common allergens is essential for parents and caregivers. By working closely with healthcare professionals, parents can take proactive measures to prevent and manage food allergies, ensuring the safety and well-being of their children.